En théorie, la nouvelle monnaie de la Cédéao, baptisée éco, doit entrer en circulation en 2020. Mais c’est sans compter les difficultés inhérentes à sa mise en place, et aussi les réticences de certains pays de l’UEMOA à abandonner le franc CFA. Analyse.
L’avenir de la zone franc n’est plus un sujet tabou en Afrique de l’Ouest, où les opinions et les économistes débattent désormais publiquement de son futur. Ce ne fut pas toujours le cas.
Dans le sillage de l’année 1994 qui a vu Paris imposer de façon unilatérale, et sous la pression conjointe du FMI et de la Banque mondiale, une dévaluation du franc CFA (il a perdu la moitié de sa valeur), le mot dévaluation est longtemps resté tabou. Quant à la question de l’avenir de la zone franc, elle n’était abordée que dans les cercles restreints des économistes africains et des africanistes parisiens. Mais ces dernières années, les opinions ouest-africaines ont changé la donne, en même temps que la Cédéao relançait son vieux projet monétaire datant des années 1980.
Car ce qui n’était qu’une perspective lointaine est devenu une actualité brûlante fin 2017, lors du sommet de la Cédéao à Abuja. Le communiqué final du sommet précise ceci : « Les chefs d’État et de gouvernement ont réitéré leur ferme volonté à œuvrer à l’atteinte des objectifs des Pères fondateurs de la Cédéao de doter la région d’une union monétaire en vue d’accélérer la construction d’un espace de prospérité et de solidarité. À cet égard, ils ont exhorté les États membres à prendre les mesures nécessaires pour le respect des principaux critères de convergence nécessaire à la mise en place d’une union monétaire viable et crédible. » La task force mise en place pour définir les mécanismes et les modalités de cette future monnaie est priée d’accélérer la cadence, ce qu’elle fait depuis lors, jusqu’à l’adoption début juillet, du nom de la monnaie – ce sera l’éco – et de son taux de change, qui sera flexible.
Paris se défend
Parallèlement, en France, un discours apaisant voit le jour. Les officiels et les institutions comme la Banque de France, s’ingénient à répondre aux arguments d’une partie de l’opinion africaine qui taxe le franc CFA « d’impôt colonial ». Ils rappellent que le compte d’opération du Trésor français, où sont logées la moitié des réserves de change des huit pays de l’UEMOA, n’est qu’un pot commun qui sert à garantir la convertibilité du franc, et en aucun cas une ponction faite sur la richesse des pays concernés.
La démonstration a beau être facile – ce compte ne pèse que quelques milliards d’euros, il est rémunéré, et reste à disposition de leurs propriétaires, à savoir les pays de l’UEMOA –, elle n’arrive pas à convaincre tout le monde. Car le CFA est avant tout une affaire politique, notamment pour les nouvelles générations. C’est « une survivance du passé au relent colonialiste », avancent les partisans de la disparition du CFA, survivance qui n’a plus lieu d’être à l’heure où l’Afrique avance à marche forcée vers son intégration économique, plaident-ils.
Les débats sont si passionnés que certains acteurs perdent parfois leur sang-froid et leur retenue diplomatique. Ainsi, en juillet dernier, répondant aux questions des journalistes de Radio Omega à Ouagadougou, l’ambassadeur de France au Burkina Faso, Xavier Lapeyre de Cabanes, s’est emporté : « La France ne gagne pas d’argent avec le CFA. Le jour où il n’y aura plus de CFA, vous arrêterez de raconter n’importe quoi sur le sujet, et de nous accuser de tous les maux ! On arrêtera de fantasmer ! »
Critiquer le franc CFA depuis certains postes administratifs parisiens est parfois risqué. En janvier 2019, un incident a fait couler beaucoup d’encre. L’économiste togolais Kako Nubukpo, dont les positions sont hostiles à la monnaie de l’UEMOA, est suspendu de son poste de Directeur de la francophonie économique et numérique à l’Organisation internationale de la francophonie (OIF), officiellement pour son « incapacité » à n’avoir pas su respecter « son droit de réserve ». Il venait de publier une tribune incendiaire dans Le Monde Afrique.
La présidence française, quant à elle, adopte un discours public bien plus conciliant tout en rappelant son attachement à la zone franc. À la mi-juillet, le président français Emmanuel Macron appelait de ses vœux un débat serein sur la question. Pour lui, le franc CFA est « un sujet qu’on doit pouvoir ouvrir et qu’on a décidé d’ouvrir ensemble avec nos partenaires africains, de manière apaisée, sans culte du symbole, sans tabou ni totem ». Il répondait au président ghanéen, Nana Akufo-Ado, qui estimait nécessaires des transformations dans « l’arrangement monétaire de ces pays » (avec la France, NDLR).
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Mais cette position ne reflète pas l’âpreté du débat qui se joue en coulisse. On peut la mesurer à travers les ambiguïtés de certains dirigeants comme l’Ivoirien Alassane Ouattara. Alors que la Cédéao a décidé que l’éco bénéficierait d’un taux de change flexible, par rapport à un panier de devises, le président ivoirien a affirmé le contraire à l’issue du dernier sommet de l’UEMOA, le 12 juillet dernier.
Pour Alassane Ouattara, le taux de change fixe entre le franc CFA et l’euro a « fait ses preuves » pour apporter de la stabilité et réduire l’inflation. « Il faut que cela soit maintenu. » À travers les propos du chef d’État ivoirien transparaît l’idée que la zone CFA pourrait devenir le noyau dur de la future zone monétaire ouest-africaine. Le CFA serait alors rebaptisé éco et conserverait sa parité fixe avec l’euro « dans l’immédiat », c’est-à-dire tant que la zone ne serait pas élargie à d’autres pays.
Alassane Ouattara avance d’autant plus aisément ses arguments que la Cédéao, reconnaissant que la convergence des économies de la région est encore insuffisante, préconise désormais une approche « graduée ». Ce qui revient à démarrer l’éco avec un petit nombre de pays. Sans doute à l’exclusion du Nigeria.
Reste qu’un simple tour de passe-passe consistant à débaptiser le franc CFA ne suffira sans doute pas à une partie des opinions publiques des pays concernés, bien déterminée à voir s’opérer un changement de paradigme. Les arguments techniques et économiques, si valables soient-ils, seront toujours plus faibles, aux yeux d’une frange de l’opinion, que les slogans politiques.
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