Les bailleurs de fonds de l’alliance régionale, chargée tout à la fois d’une mission de développement et d’une mission de sécurité, s’impatientent face à l’absence de résultats. Notamment en matière de lutte contre le terrorisme.
L’Union européenne (UE), par la voix de sa haute représentante pour les affaires étrangères, Federica Mogherini, a annoncé, mardi 9 juillet, à Ouagadougou, l’attribution de 138 millions d’euros supplémentaires au G5 Sahel. Une rallonge qui doit permettre de renforcer les capacités militaires de cette alliance formée en février 2014 par le Burkina Faso, le Mali, la Mauritanie, le Niger et le Tchad.
Celle-ci intervient alors que, comme l’a indiqué le lendemain, à Nairobi, le secrétaire général des Nations unies (ONU), Antonio Guterres : « Malheureusement, nous constatons que le terrorisme progresse. »
Créée en 2015, la force militaire de l’organisation n’a mené aucune action militaire d’envergure.
Le G5 Sahel est une structure à deux faces : développement d’un côté et sécurité de l’autre. Or, côté militaire, la force conjointe G5 Sahel, lancée en 2015, est sous perfusion de bailleurs de fonds qui pourraient finir par se lasser devant le manque de résultats opérationnels. Constituée de bataillons mis à disposition par les cinq pays membres, cette force est en effet toujours en phase d’installation et n’a encore mené aucune action militaire d’envergure et autonome. Pire, l’un de ses principaux postes de commandement, celui de Sévaré, au Mali, a été détruit en 2018 par les djihadistes.
Une promesse de 2,4 milliards d’euros
Or, la pression exercée par les bailleurs est énorme. « Elle pourrait être fatale au G5 »,explique un expert. Pour illustrer ce paradoxe, il cite le résultat de la conférence de coordination des partenaires, organisée le 6 décembre 2018, à Nouakchott, en Mauritanie.
A cette occasion, 2,4 milliards d’euros de contribution ont été promis pour financer, de 2019 à 2021, un plan d’investissements prioritaires, longtemps attendu et portant essentiellement sur des projets d’infrastructures.
Le temps commence à presser et, selon un expert souhaitant conserver l’anonymat :
« Si les Etats du G5 ne peuvent pas s’approprier les projets comme on leur a promis de les laisser faire, [les bailleurs] se désengageront progressivement, et ils ne cofinanceront plus rien. Et le G5 sera mort, il ne subsistera que sa partie défense et sécurité alors que l’idée originelle est de mettre en pratique ce fameux nexus développement-sécurité. »
Présence inédite au prochain G7
La participation, inédite, des pays du G5 Sahel lors du prochain sommet du G7, organisé par la présidence française, à Biarritz, du 24 au 26 août, traduit bien cette urgence à redonner un second souffle à cette structure. L’incendie djihadiste allumé au Mali en 2012 continue de se propager aux pays voisins, posant la question de l’efficacité du G5 Sahel cinq ans après son lancement.
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