Les 24 et 25 juin, Dakar la capitale du Sénégal, abrite un forum régional sur les enjeux liés à la mise en œuvre de la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (Zlecaf) dans les États la Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’ouest et de la Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique centrale. Le Niger, qui accueille en juillet prochain le Sommet de lancement officiel de la ZLECAf et dont le Président, Issoufou Mahamadou a été désigné par ses pairs, « Champion de la Zlecaf », prend une part active à ces travaux. Mais à quoi serviront ces assises de Dakar et quelles seront les retombées de la ZLECAF pour l’ensemble du continent.
Le forum de Dakar pour baliser la voie à une mise en œuvre efficiente
Entrée en vigueur le 30 mai 2019, la Zone de Libre Echange Continentale africain (Zlecaf), est une initiative visant à approfondir l’intégration, stimuler la compétitivité industrielle et la création d’emplois en Afrique. Si elle est considérée comme une avancée majeure dans le processus d’intégration, sa mise en œuvre requiert de nombreux préalables afin que chacun des pays signataires en profitent pleinement. C’est ce que à quoi va s’atteler la rencontre de Dakar organisée par la Commission économique pour l’Afrique (CEA), en partenariat avec le gouvernement sénégalais, la Commission de l’Union africaine et l’Union européenne sur le thème « La Zlecaf en marche : approfondir l’intégration africaine pour un continent prospère ». Les décideurs politiques, acteurs économiques, organisations de la société civile et instituts de recherche, qui participent à ce forum, formuleront des recommandations sur les voies et moyens à déployer afin que la Zlecaf soit porteuse d’un changement tangible, inclusif et durable pour les économies de la sous-région. Ceci, en termes d’industrialisation, de diversification économique et de création d’emplois. Sont également attendues, des réponses concrètes aux questions relatives à la ratification rapide et la mise en œuvre de l’Accord de la ZLECAF, au soutien général et spécifique à une région ou un pays qui est requis pendant le processus de mis en œuvre de la ZLECAF, à la facilitation des échanges, à la mobilisation du secteur privé, de la société civile et des partenaires de développement.
La ZLECAf, un marché d’1,2 milliards de consommateurs
En vue de donner un véritable coup de fouet à l’intégration économique et commerciale régionale, les Etats réunis au sein de l’UA, ont décidé de la création de la ZLECAF. Cet instrument entend, la suppression des droits de douanes sur la plupart des marchandises, la libéralisation du commerce des principaux services, la lutte contre les obstacles non tarifaires freinant les échanges commerciaux intra-régionaux, puis la création d’un marché unique continental où la main d’œuvre et les capitaux circuleront librement. Quand elle sera opérationnelle, la ZLECAf constituera un marché de 1,2 milliard d’individus représentant 2,500 milliards de dollars de produit intérieur brut cumulé. « A terme, l’élimination des droits sur 90 pour cent des flux existants – qui constitue l’objectif le plus ambitieux visé par la ZLECAF – entraînerait une augmentation d’environ 16 % du commerce régional (16 milliards de dollars), renseigne à ce sujet le FMI. En outre, il soutient que la réduction des obstacles non tarifaires accentuerait l’effet stimulant des baisses de droits de douane sur le commerce, surtout dans les pays enclavés et à faible revenu. Pour le FMI, il serait donc souhaitable que l’effort d’approfondissement de l’intégration commerciale en Afrique consiste au premier chef à lever une partie des obstacles non tarifaires, en particulier la médiocrité de la logistique commerciale et des infrastructures….
Le rôle décisif de Niamey
En janvier 2017, les Chefs d’Etat du Continent avaient désigné, lors de la 28ème session de la conférence des Chefs d’Etat de l’Union Africaine tenue à Addis Abeba, le Président Issoufou Mahamadou, comme champion chargé du suivi du processus de négociation de la ZLECAf). Ses pairs ont donc fait du président nigérien, le leader de cette grande innovation qui va transformer le continent africain dans le cadre des échanges intercommunautaires, mais aussi mondiaux. Dès lors, il s’est attelé à cette tâche en envoyant les missions dans les pays concernés, s’impliquant personnellement en multipliant les rencontres en tête à tête avec ses pairs réticents. Aussi en mars 2018, lors du désormais historique Sommet de Kigali, 44 Etats ont signé l’accord de la ZLECAf, sous la conduite du Président Issoufou Mahamadou. S’en est suivies les ratifications qui ont permis le 30 mai dernier en un laps de temps record à la ZLECAF d’entrer officiellement vigueur. Une rapidité que nombre d’acteurs impliqués dans le processus mettent à l’actif du leadership et de l’engagement du Chef d’Etat nigérien. C’est en effet la première fois qu’un traité adopté par l’Union Africaine (UA) entre en vigueur dans l’année de son adoption. Un dynamisme sur lequel les autorités de Niamey veulent surfer pour tirer un meilleur profit de la ZLECAf. C’est dans cette optique qu’en avril dernier, un forum a été organisé dans la capitale nigérienne en vue d’adopter une stratégie nationale pour bénéficier de manière efficience des retombées dudit accord continental.
Le Sommet de Niamey en juillet prochain qui officialisera la mise en œuvre de la ZLECAf s’avère donc une rencontre décisive voire historique dans le processus d’intégration régionale, une intégration commerciale et économique qui boostera le développement des pays membres.
Waliyullah Tajudeen pour Niameyinfo.
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